This paper examines the relationship between drug policy and sustainable development, exploring its impacts on human rights, governance, health, and the environment. It shows how punitive enforcement has contributed to violence, corruption, incarceration, and health crises, while failing to reduce harm. The paper reviews global trends toward human rights– and evidence-based reforms, including decriminalization and harm reduction, and analyzes the opportunities and risks associated with legal regulation. It emphasizes the need for inclusive approaches that address inequities, protect marginalized communities, and align drug policy with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ensuring that no one is left behind.