This report provides an evidence-based analysis of developments in prison systems and criminal justice worldwide. It examines voting rights for prisoners during the 2024 elections and addresses rising rates of suicide and violence, inadequate healthcare, and the environmental impact of prison infrastructure. Emerging topics include the growing use of technology in prisons, highlighting promising practices and ethical challenges. Marking the 15th anniversary of the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), the report underscores limited progress in reducing women’s imprisonment and advocates for gender-responsive, community-based alternatives. It also emphasizes the increasing role of individuals with lived experience in driving meaningful reform. Supported by ILANUD, it serves as a key resource for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers working to advance human rights and sustainable reform in criminal justice systems.